TIE Hoy
SELF-EMPLOYMENT AND TAX

Autónomo, SL or foreign company: who is the taxpayer for your business in Spain

For: people who live in Spain in a region under the common tax system (not the Basque Country or Navarre) and earn, or will earn, income from their own activity. When: before you register and start, or when your income grows and you are thinking of changing structure. What it covers: your business can have only three taxpayers — you as a self-employed person (autónomo), a Spanish limited company (SL) or a foreign company — and each one changes who pays income tax, who is liable for debts and what you file; choosing is not a comparison of rates, it is a decision about who the taxpayer is; and if you control the SL you stay registered in the self-employed Social Security scheme (RETA), while a foreign company managed from Spain is resident in Spain.

There are three possible taxpayers, not four: self-employed and individual entrepreneur are the same person seen by three administrations

There are only three legal subjects: you as an individual, a Spanish company such as an SL, or a foreign company. Getting paid on your own without registering is not a fourth one.
Self-employed (autónomo), individual entrepreneur (empresario individual) and individual with an economic activity are three names for the same person.
Commercial Code: «Son comerciantes para los efectos de este Código:» «1.º Los que, teniendo capacidad legal para ejercer el comercio, se dedican a él habitualmente.» (art. 1 CCom)
(“For the purposes of this Code, traders are: 1. Those who, having legal capacity to trade, engage in trade habitually.”)
Social Security: the RETA covers «las personas físicas mayores de dieciocho años que realicen de forma habitual, personal, directa, por cuenta propia»
«y fuera del ámbito de dirección y organización de otra persona, una actividad económica o profesional a título lucrativo» (art. 305.1 LGSS)
(“individuals over eighteen who carry out, habitually, personally and directly, on their own account
and outside anyone else’s management and organisation, an economic or professional activity for profit”).
Spanish Tax Agency (AEAT): «Quienes hayan de formar parte del Censo de Empresarios, Profesionales y Retenedores deberán presentar una declaración de alta en dicho censo.» (art. 9.1 RGAT)
(“Anyone who must be part of the Census of Business Owners, Professionals and Withholding Agents must file a registration declaration in that census.”)
That tax registration (alta censal, Modelo 036) is filed on Modelo 036.
Social Security states on Importass:
«Estás obligado a darte de alta como autónomo si vas a realizar una actividad económica de manera personal y habitual con independencia de los ingresos que la actividad genere.»
(“You must register as self-employed if you are going to carry out an economic activity personally and habitually, regardless of the income the activity generates.”)
What the limited-liability entrepreneur status (ERL) does not give you: it does not create another person.
The law refers to «El emprendedor persona física, cualquiera que sea su actividad,»
(“The individual entrepreneur, whatever their activity,”)
who «podrá limitar su responsabilidad por las deudas que traigan causa del ejercicio de dicha actividad empresarial o profesional» (art. 7 Law 14/2013)
(“may limit their liability for debts arising from that business or professional activity”).
All of this applies if you work on your own account; if you work within someone else’s organisation and management, art. 305.1 LGSS does not describe you.

With an SL, the company pays the income tax on the business; if you control it, you stay in the RETA

It depends on your own figures: what really changes is who the taxpayer is and how the money reaches you.
As a self-employed person, your net income from the activity (rendimiento neto) is taxed under your personal income tax (IRPF).
With an SL, the profit is first taxed under Corporate Income Tax (Impuesto sobre Sociedades, IS):
«El tipo general de gravamen para los contribuyentes de este Impuesto será el 25 por ciento,» (art. 29.1 LIS)
(“The general tax rate for taxpayers of this Tax shall be 25 per cent,”)
«excepto para las entidades cuyo importe neto de la cifra de negocios del período impositivo inmediato anterior sea inferior a 1 millón de euros»
(“except for entities whose net turnover in the immediately preceding tax period was below 1 million euros”)
«que aplicarán los tipos que se indican en la siguiente escala, salvo que de acuerdo con lo previsto en este artículo deban tributar a un tipo diferente del general»:
(“which shall apply the rates in the following scale, unless under this article they must be taxed at a rate other than the general one”):
«a) Por la parte de base imponible comprendida entre 0 y 50.000 euros, al tipo del 17 por ciento.» «b) Por la parte de base imponible restante, al tipo del 20 por ciento.»
(“a) On the part of the tax base between 0 and 50,000 euros, at 17 per cent. b) On the remaining tax base, at 20 per cent.”)
«Finalmente, las entidades de nueva creación que realicen actividades económicas tributarán, en el primer período impositivo en que la base imponible resulte positiva y en el siguiente,»
(“Finally, newly created entities carrying out economic activities shall be taxed, in the first tax period in which the tax base is positive and in the next one,”)
«al tipo del 15 por ciento, excepto si, de acuerdo con lo previsto en este artículo, deban tributar a un tipo inferior.» (art. 29.1 LIS)
(“at 15 per cent, unless under this article they must be taxed at a lower rate.”)
What you take from the SL then enters your IRPF. «En todo caso, tendrán la consideración de rendimientos del trabajo:»
(“The following shall in all cases be treated as employment income:”)
«e) Las retribuciones de los administradores y miembros de los Consejos de Administración, de las Juntas que hagan sus veces y demás miembros de otros órganos representativos.» (art. 17.2.e LIRPF)
(“e) The pay of directors and members of boards of directors, of the bodies acting as such and of members of other representative bodies.”)
And income from movable capital includes «a) Los dividendos, primas de asistencia a juntas y participaciones en los beneficios de cualquier tipo de entidad.» (art. 25.1.a LIRPF)
(“a) Dividends, attendance fees for general meetings and shares in the profits of any type of entity.”)
If you work for your SL and control it, you stay in the RETA. The scheme covers:
«b) Quienes ejerzan las funciones de dirección y gerencia que conlleva el desempeño del cargo de consejero o administrador, o presten otros servicios para una sociedad de capital,»
(“b) Those who perform the management duties of a board member or director, or provide other services to a capital company,”)
«a título lucrativo y de forma habitual, personal y directa, siempre que posean el control efectivo, directo o indirecto, de aquella.» (art. 305.2.b LGSS)
(“for profit and habitually, personally and directly, provided that they have effective control of it, direct or indirect.”)
«Se entenderá, en todo caso, que se produce tal circunstancia, cuando las acciones o participaciones del trabajador supongan, al menos, la mitad del capital social.»
(“This shall in all cases be deemed to occur when the worker’s shares represent at least half of the share capital.”)
If you neither manage the SL nor provide services to it, or you do not control it, this rule does not reach you; the presumptions of control are in section 4.

1. Four questions show which structure fits you

Answer them before you choose; each answer sends you to a section.

  • Is your activity habitual, personal and direct? If it is, tax registration and RETA registration apply to you from the start (section 3).
  • Will you control the SL you set up? Count your own stake, the stakes of family members you live with and whether you will have management duties; the presumptions in section 4 tell you whether you stay in the RETA.
  • Where is your foreign company managed from? If the decisions on its activity are taken in Spain, read section 5 before you keep using it.
  • Do you accept that business debts can reach your own assets? If not, compare the SL (section 4) with the limited-liability entrepreneur (frequently asked questions).

2. Each structure changes who pays, who is liable and what you file

One row per point; the legal text behind each cell is in sections 3 to 6.

You as self-employed, an SL or a foreign company
What changesYou (self-employed)SLForeign company
Income taxYour IRPF, by scale (section 6)The SL’s IS: 25% general rateSpanish IS if managed from Spain
RegistrationModelo 036 and RETASeparate legal person; you, RETA if you control itResidence: section 5
Business debtsUnlimited, except as ERLPartners are not personally liableDifferent rule: if you hold, alone or with related parties, 50% or more and it pays less than 75% of the IS, some income goes into your IRPF (section 5)
Minimum capital—€1; reserve up to €3,000—
Periodic returns303, unless you make only exempt or non-taxable supplies; 130, unless you are a professional and at least 70% of last year’s activity income had tax withheld or paid on account; annual return if you were in the RETA that year: guideIS: April, October, December and annualDepends on where it is resident (section 5)

3. Self-employed, individual entrepreneur and individual with an activity are the same person

The name changes from one law to another; the obligations come from the activity.

  • A trader from the moment you advertise: «Existirá la presunción legal del ejercicio habitual del comercio desde que la persona que se proponga ejercerlo anunciare por circulares, periódicos, carteles, rótulos expuestos al público, o de otro modo cualquiera, un establecimiento que tenga por objeto alguna operación mercantil.» (“Habitual trading is legally presumed from the moment the person intending to trade advertises, by circulars, newspapers, posters, public signs or any other means, an establishment intended for a commercial operation.”) (art. 3 CCom)
  • With or without employees: the definitions in the Self-Employed Workers’ Statute and in the RETA end in the same words, «den o no ocupación a trabajadores por cuenta ajena» (“whether or not they employ workers”) (art. 1.1 LETA; art. 305.1 LGSS).
  • Tax registration before you start: it is filed «con anterioridad al inicio de las correspondientes actividades» (“before the corresponding activities start”) (art. 9.4 RGAT).
  • Annual income tax return compulsory if you were in the RETA: «estarán en cualquier caso obligadas a declarar todas aquellas personas físicas que en cualquier momento del período impositivo hubieran estado de alta, como trabajadores por cuenta propia, en el Régimen Especial de Trabajadores por Cuenta Propia o Autónomos, o en el Régimen Especial de la Seguridad Social de los Trabajadores del Mar.» (“all individuals who were registered at any time during the tax year as self-employed workers in the Special Scheme for Self-Employed Workers or in the Special Social Security Scheme for Seafarers are in any case required to file.”) (art. 96.2 LIRPF)
  • Joint ownership (comunidad de bienes): its members are also covered, «siempre que cumplan los requisitos a los que se refiere el apartado anterior» (“provided they meet the requirements in the previous paragraph”): «b) Los comuneros de las comunidades de bienes y los socios de sociedades civiles irregulares, salvo que su actividad se limite a la mera administración de los bienes puestos en común.» (“b) Joint owners in a comunidad de bienes and partners in unregistered civil partnerships, unless their activity is limited to merely managing the jointly held assets.”) (art. 1.2 LETA)

4. The SL is a separate person: partners are not liable for its debts, but whoever controls it stays in the RETA

The SL keeps its debts apart from your assets; it does not change your contributions if you manage and control it.

  • Liability: «En la sociedad de responsabilidad limitada, el capital, que estará dividido en participaciones sociales, se integrará por las aportaciones de todos los socios, quienes no responderán personalmente de las deudas sociales.» (“In a limited liability company, the capital, divided into shares, is made up of the contributions of all partners, who are not personally liable for the company’s debts.”) (art. 1.2 LSC)
  • Minimum capital: «El capital de la sociedad de responsabilidad limitada no podrá ser inferior a un euro y se expresará precisamente en esa moneda.» (“The capital of a limited liability company may not be less than one euro and must be expressed in that currency.”) (art. 4.1 LSC)
  • While the capital is below €3,000: «Deberá destinarse a la reserva legal una cifra al menos igual al 20 por ciento del beneficio hasta que dicha reserva junto con el capital social alcance el importe de tres mil euros.» (“At least 20 per cent of the profit must go to the legal reserve until that reserve plus the share capital reaches three thousand euros.”)
  • Winding up with capital below €3,000: «En caso de liquidación, voluntaria o forzosa, si el patrimonio de la sociedad fuera insuficiente para atender el pago de las obligaciones sociales, los socios responderán solidariamente de la diferencia entre el importe de tres mil euros y la cifra del capital suscrito.» (“In a voluntary or compulsory winding-up, if the company’s assets are not enough to pay its obligations, the partners are jointly liable for the difference between three thousand euros and the subscribed capital.”) (art. 4.1 LSC)
  • Control presumed through family: «Se presumirá, salvo prueba en contrario, que el trabajador posee el control efectivo de la sociedad cuando concurra alguna de las siguientes circunstancias:» «Que, al menos, la mitad del capital de la sociedad para la que preste sus servicios esté distribuido entre socios con los que conviva y a quienes se encuentre unido por vínculo conyugal o de parentesco por consanguinidad, afinidad o adopción, hasta el segundo grado.» (“Unless proven otherwise, the worker is presumed to have effective control of the company when any of the following applies: that at least half of the capital of the company they work for is held by partners they live with and to whom they are linked by marriage or by blood, marriage or adoption up to the second degree.”) (art. 305.2.b LGSS)
  • Control presumed through your stake: «Que su participación en el capital social sea igual o superior a la tercera parte del mismo.» (“That their stake is one third of the share capital or more.”) Or: «Que su participación en el capital social sea igual o superior a la cuarta parte del mismo, si tiene atribuidas funciones de dirección y gerencia de la sociedad.» (“That their stake is one quarter of the share capital or more, if they have management duties in the company.”)
  • IS instalments: «En los primeros 20 días naturales de los meses de abril, octubre y diciembre, los contribuyentes deberán efectuar un pago fraccionado a cuenta de la liquidación correspondiente al período impositivo que esté en curso el día 1 de cada uno de los meses indicados.» (“In the first 20 calendar days of April, October and December, taxpayers must make an instalment payment on account of the tax for the period in progress on the 1st of each of those months.”) (art. 40.1 LIS) Exception: «No deberán efectuar el referido pago fraccionado ni estarán obligadas a presentar la correspondiente declaración las entidades a las que se refieren los apartados 4 y 5 del artículo 29 de esta Ley.» (“The entities referred to in paragraphs 4 and 5 of article 29 of this Law need not make that instalment payment or file the corresponding return.”)
  • Annual IS return: «La declaración se presentará en el plazo de los 25 días naturales siguientes a los 6 meses posteriores a la conclusión del período impositivo.» (“The return is filed within the 25 calendar days following the 6 months after the end of the tax period.”) (art. 124.1 LIS)

5. A foreign company managed from Spain is resident in Spain

Watch out: setting it up abroad is not enough; what counts is where it is managed from and how much of it you control.

  • Residence of the company: «Se considerarán residentes en territorio español las entidades en las que concurra alguno de los siguientes requisitos:» «a) Que se hubieran constituido conforme a las leyes españolas.» «b) Que tengan su domicilio social en territorio español.» «c) Que tengan su sede de dirección efectiva en territorio español.» (“Entities that meet any of the following requirements are considered resident in Spain: a) they were incorporated under Spanish law; b) their registered office is in Spain; c) their place of effective management is in Spain.”) (art. 8.1 LIS)
  • Place of effective management: «A estos efectos, se entenderá que una entidad tiene su sede de dirección efectiva en territorio español cuando en él radique la dirección y control del conjunto de sus actividades.» (“For these purposes, an entity has its place of effective management in Spain when the management and control of all its activities are located there.”)
  • Controlled foreign company rules (transparencia fiscal internacional): «Los contribuyentes imputarán las rentas positivas obtenidas por una entidad no residente en territorio español a que se refieren los apartados 2 o 3 de este artículo cuando se cumplan las circunstancias siguientes:» (“Taxpayers shall include the positive income obtained by an entity not resident in Spain referred to in paragraphs 2 or 3 of this article when the following circumstances are met:”) (art. 91.1 LIRPF)
  • First condition, control: «a) Que por sí solos o conjuntamente con entidades vinculadas en el sentido del artículo 18 de la Ley del Impuesto sobre Sociedades o con otros contribuyentes unidos por vínculos de parentesco, incluido el cónyuge, en línea directa o colateral, consanguínea o por afinidad hasta el segundo grado inclusive, tengan una participación igual o superior al 50 por ciento en el capital, los fondos propios, los resultados o los derechos de voto de la entidad no residente en territorio español, en la fecha del cierre del ejercicio social de esta última.» (“a) That, alone or together with related entities within the meaning of article 18 of the Corporate Income Tax Law or with other taxpayers who are relatives, including the spouse, in the direct or collateral line, by blood or by marriage up to the second degree inclusive, they hold 50 per cent or more of the capital, equity, profits or voting rights of the non-resident entity at the close of its financial year.”)
  • Second condition, low tax: «b) Que el importe satisfecho por la entidad no residente en territorio español, imputable a alguna de las clases de rentas previstas en el apartado 2 o 3 de este artículo por razón de gravamen de naturaleza idéntica o análoga al Impuesto sobre Sociedades, sea inferior al 75 por ciento del que hubiera correspondido de acuerdo con las normas de aquel.» (“b) That the amount paid by the non-resident entity on any of the classes of income in paragraph 2 or 3 of this article, by way of a tax identical or similar to Corporate Income Tax, is less than 75 per cent of what would have been due under that tax’s rules.”)
  • Scope: the inclusion is limited to the classes of income in paragraphs 2 to 4 of art. 91, and paragraph 14 sets out an exception for entities in the European Union or the European Economic Area that can show an economic activity.
  • If the shareholder is your SL: art. 100.1 LIS applies the same two conditions to the company: a stake «igual o superior al 50 por ciento» (“of 50 per cent or more”) and foreign tax «inferior al 75 por ciento» (“below 75 per cent”).
  • Spain–United States tax treaty, residence (art. 4.1): a «residente de un Estado contratante» (“resident of a Contracting State”) is any person who «en virtud de la legislación de ese Estado esté sometida a imposición en él por razón de su domicilio, residencia, sede de dirección, lugar de constitución o cualquier otro criterio de naturaleza análoga.» (“under the laws of that State is liable to tax there by reason of domicile, residence, place of management, place of incorporation or any other criterion of a similar nature.”) «Sin embargo, esta expresión no incluye a las personas que estén sujetas a imposición en ese Estado exclusivamente por las rentas que obtengan procedentes de fuentes situadas en ese Estado.» (“However, the term does not include persons liable to tax in that State only on income from sources in that State.”)
  • Business profits (art. 7.1): «Los beneficios de una empresa de un Estado contratante solamente pueden someterse a imposición en ese Estado, a no ser que la empresa realice o haya realizado actividades en el otro Estado contratante mediante un establecimiento permanente situado en ese otro Estado.» (“The profits of an enterprise of a Contracting State are taxable only in that State unless the enterprise carries on or has carried on business in the other Contracting State through a permanent establishment situated there.”) «Si la empresa realiza o ha realizado su actividad de dicha manera, los beneficios pueden someterse a imposición en el otro Estado, pero sólo en la medida en que puedan atribuirse a ese establecimiento permanente.» (“If it does or did so, the profits may be taxed in the other State, but only so much of them as is attributable to that permanent establishment.”)
  • What these articles do not say: none of them classifies a US LLC; they set where a company is resident and when its income is attributed to the person who controls it.

6. To compare, add up the tax, the contributions and the money you take out of the SL

Watch out: comparing your IRPF rate with the 25% IS rate is not enough; what you pay yourself from the SL is also taxed in your IRPF and, if you control it, you keep paying RETA contributions.

  • Your net income as a self-employed person: «El rendimiento neto de las actividades económicas se determinará según las normas del Impuesto sobre Sociedades, sin perjuicio de las reglas especiales contenidas en este artículo, en el artículo 30 de esta Ley para la estimación directa, y en el artículo 31 de esta Ley para la estimación objetiva.» (“Net income from economic activities is calculated under the Corporate Income Tax rules, without prejudice to the special rules in this article, in article 30 of this Law for direct assessment and in article 31 for objective assessment.”) (art. 28.1 LIRPF)
  • State IRPF scale: «La parte de la base liquidable general que exceda del importe del mínimo personal y familiar a que se refiere el artículo 56 de esta Ley será gravada de la siguiente forma:» (“The part of the general taxable base above the personal and family allowance in article 56 of this Law is taxed as follows:”) up to €12,450, 9.50%; €12,450 to €20,200, 12%; €20,200 to €35,200, 15%; €35,200 to €60,000, 18.50%; €60,000 to €300,000, 22.50%; above €300,000, 24.50% (art. 63.1 LIRPF).
  • Regional part of the IRPF: it is added to the State part. «A la base liquidable general se le aplicarán los tipos de la escala autonómica del Impuesto que, conforme a lo previsto en la Ley 22/2009, por el que se regula el sistema de financiación de las Comunidades Autónomas de régimen común y Ciudades con Estatuto de Autonomía, hayan sido aprobadas por la Comunidad Autónoma.» (“The general taxable base is taxed at the rates of the regional scale approved by the autonomous community under Law 22/2009, which regulates the financing of the common-system autonomous communities and the cities with a Statute of Autonomy.”) (art. 74.1 LIRPF)
  • Small company (empresa de reducida dimensión): «No obstante, las entidades que cumplan las previsiones previstas en el artículo 101 de esta ley tributarán al tipo del 20 por ciento, excepto si de acuerdo con lo previsto en este artículo deban tributar a un tipo diferente del general.» (“However, entities that meet the conditions of article 101 of this law are taxed at 20 per cent, unless under this article they must be taxed at a rate other than the general one.”) (art. 29.1 LIS) Art. 101.1 LIS applies it «siempre que el importe neto de la cifra de negocios habida en el período impositivo inmediato anterior sea inferior a 10 millones de euros.» (“provided that net turnover in the immediately preceding tax period was below 10 million euros.”)
  • Start-up (empresa emergente): if the SL has that status under Law 28/2022, it is taxed «en el primer período impositivo en que, teniendo dicha condición, la base imponible resulte positiva y en los tres siguientes, siempre que mantengan la condición citada, al tipo del 15 por ciento» (“in the first tax period in which, while holding that status, its tax base is positive and in the next three, provided it keeps that status, at 15 per cent”) (art. 7 Law 28/2022).
  • The money you take out of the SL: add to the SL scenario what you receive as a director or as dividends, with the IRPF treatment given in the second answer.
  • Contributions: if you will control the SL, put the RETA contribution in both scenarios.

What to do

Decide who the taxpayer will be before you issue your first invoice.

Bring

  • NIE or NIF
  • Description of your activity and its start date
  • Planned split of the SL’s capital, including family members who live with you
  • Role you will have in the SL: director, board member or other services
  • Place where the foreign company’s decisions are taken
  • Forecast of first-year income and expenses

Steps

  1. Answer the four questions in section 1.
  2. If your activity is habitual, file Modelo 036 and register in the RETA before you start.
  3. If you plan to set up an SL, work out your control with the presumptions in section 4.
  4. If you already use a foreign company, write down where its decisions are taken and who takes them.
  5. Keep proof of every amount you receive from your company, as pay or as a dividend.

Ley 14/2013 art. 7; Ley 14/2013 art. 8.2; RDLeg 1/2010 LSC art. 1.2; RDLeg 1/2010 LSC art. 4.1 (after Ley 18/2022); Ley 27/2014 LIS art. 29.1 (general + micro scale); Ley 27/2014 LIS art. 29.1 (ERD + nueva creación); Ley 27/2014 LIS art. 101.1; Ley 28/2022 art. 7; Ley 20/2007 LETA art. 1.1; Ley 20/2007 LETA art. 1.2.a-c; RDLeg 8/2015 LGSS art. 305.1; Importass Alta en trabajo autónomo (ingresos); LGSS art. 305.2.b; LGSS art. 305.2.b (presunciones de control); Ley 35/2006 LIRPF art. 17.2.e; Ley 35/2006 LIRPF art. 25.1.a; Ley 27/2014 LIS art. 40.1; Ley 27/2014 LIS art. 124.1; Código de Comercio art. 1; Código de Comercio art. 2; Código de Comercio art. 3; Código de Comercio art. 4; Ley 27/2014 LIS art. 8.1; Ley 35/2006 LIRPF art. 91.1; Ley 27/2014 LIS art. 100.1; Convenio España–EE.UU. art. 4.1; Convenio España–EE.UU. art. 7.1; Ley 35/2006 LIRPF art. 28.1; Ley 35/2006 LIRPF art. 96.2.a–c; Ley 35/2006 LIRPF art. 96.2 (joint €1,000 clause); Ley 35/2006 LIRPF art. 96.2 (RETA alta override); RD 1065/2007 RGAT arts. 3.2.a, 9.1; RD 1065/2007 RGAT art. 9.4; Ley 35/2006 LIRPF art. 63.1.1º; Ley 35/2006 LIRPF art. 74.1.1º; Ley 20/2007 LETA art. 38 ter.1; RDL 13/2022 disposición transitoria quinta; RDL 3/2026 preámbulo (prórroga PGE); RDL 3/2026 art. 3.4

Verified: 2026-11-04Next review: 2027-02-01New guide: it lets you decide whether your business is taxed in your own name as a self-employed person, through an SL or through a foreign company, and which obligations each structure brings.

Is a self-employed person the same as an individual entrepreneur?

Yes. To trade habitually, the Commercial Code also requires capacity: «Tendrán capacidad para el ejercicio habitual del comercio las personas mayores de edad y que tengan la libre disposición de sus bienes.» (“Persons of full age who have free disposal of their assets have capacity to trade habitually.”) (art. 4 CCom)

If I set up an SL, do I stop paying self-employed contributions?

No, if you manage the SL or provide services to it habitually, personally and directly and you have effective control of it. Even if you fit none of the presumptions in section 4: «En los supuestos en que no concurran las circunstancias anteriores, la Administración podrá demostrar, por cualquier medio de prueba, que el trabajador dispone del control efectivo de la sociedad.» (“Where none of the above circumstances apply, the Administration may prove by any means of evidence that the worker has effective control of the company.”) (art. 305.2.b LGSS)

What is a limited-liability entrepreneur (emprendedor de responsabilidad limitada)?

It is you as a self-employed person, registered so that certain assets are kept out of the activity’s debts: «Podrán beneficiarse de la limitación de responsabilidad la vivienda habitual del deudor siempre que su valor no supere los 300.000 euros, valorada conforme a lo dispuesto en la base imponible del Impuesto sobre Transmisiones Patrimoniales y Actos Jurídicos Documentados en el momento de la inscripción en el Registro Mercantil, así como los bienes de equipo productivo afectos a la explotación y los que los reemplacen debidamente identificados en el Registro de Bienes Muebles y con el límite del volumen de facturación agregado de los dos últimos ejercicios.» (“The limitation of liability may cover the debtor’s main home, provided its value does not exceed 300,000 euros, valued under the tax base rules of the Transfer Tax and Stamp Duty at the time of registration in the Commercial Register, as well as productive equipment used in the business and its replacements, duly identified in the Movable Property Register, up to the combined turnover of the last two financial years.”) «En el caso de viviendas situadas en población de más de 1.000.000 de habitantes se aplicará un coeficiente del 1,5 al valor del párrafo anterior.» (“For homes in towns of more than 1,000,000 inhabitants, a coefficient of 1.5 is applied to the value in the previous paragraph.”) (art. 8.2 Law 14/2013) The law provides exceptions for fraud or gross negligence (art. 8.4) and for public-law debts (first additional provision). It is not the residence permit for entrepreneurs: that route is in starting a business in Spain.

See the full self-employment tax guide
Self-employed income and tax→Self-employed with a residence permit→Business in Spain→
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